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The primary focus of this review is fluorescence lifetime, which is an intrinsic property of a fluorophore and therefore does not depend on the method of measurement. Jablonski diagram and a timescale of photophysical processes for organic molecules. The lifetime of photophycal processes vary significantly from tens of femotoseconds for internal conversion 1, 2 to nanoseconds for fluorescence and microseconds or seconds for phosphorescence.

Correspondingly, the fluorescence lifetime is the time required by a population of excited fluorophores to decrease exponentially to N/e via the loss of energy through fluorescence and other non-radiative processes. It can also be shown that the lifetime of a photophysical process is the time required by a population of N electronically excited molecules to be reduced by a factor of e. This average length of time is called the mean lifetime, or simply lifetime. It can be shown that the average length of time τ for the set of molecules to decay from one state to another is reciprocally proportional to the rate of decay: τ = 1/ k. Each of the processes occurs with a certain probability, characterized by decay rate constants ( k). When a molecule absorbs a photon of appropriate energy, a chain of photophysical events ensues, such as internal conversion or vibrational relaxation (loss of energy in the absence of light emission), fluorescence, intersystem crossing (from singlet state to a triplet state) and phosphorescence, as shown in the Jablonski diagram for organic molecules ( Fig.

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